Timeline of the pharaohs

The Reign Roll draws every ruler as a bar against the calendar, from about 3100 BC to 30 BC. Filter by period, dating, burial place or sex, or switch to the table.

Reign Roll

PeriodDatingBuried atCapitalSexName contains224 of 224 shown

Ruler

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Dyn.

7-8

Drag to pan. Click a bar to read it. Arrow keys step through rulers. Dates are conventional and approximate: the red bracket shows how far the start of a reign could move.


1	Narmer	1	3100 BC	50	C	Abydos, Umm el-Qa'ab, Tomb B17/B18
2	Hor-Aha	1	3050 BC	50	C	Abydos, Umm el-Qa'ab, Tomb B10/B15/B19
3	Djer	1	3000 BC	45	C	Abydos, Umm el-Qa'ab, Tomb O
4	Djet	1	2955 BC	15	C	Abydos, Umm el-Qa'ab, Tomb Z
5	Merneith	1	2940 BC	10	C	Abydos, Umm el-Qa'ab, Tomb Y
6	Den	1	2930 BC	40	C	Abydos, Umm el-Qa'ab, Tomb T
7	Anedjib	1	2890 BC	10	C	Abydos, Umm el-Qa'ab, Tomb X
8	Semerkhet	1	2880 BC	10	C	Abydos, Umm el-Qa'ab, Tomb U
9	Qaa	1	2870 BC	30	C	Abydos, Umm el-Qa'ab, Tomb Q
10	Hotepsekhemwy	2	2840 BC	25	C	Saqqara, Gallery Tomb A
11	Nebra	2	2815 BC	15	C	Saqqara, Gallery Tomb B
12	Ninetjer	2	2800 BC	45	C	Saqqara, Gallery Tomb B
13	Weneg	2	2755 BC	10	D	Unknown
14	Senedj	2	2745 BC	10	D	Saqqara
15	Peribsen	2	2735 BC	15	C	Abydos, Umm el-Qa'ab, Tomb P
16	Khasekhemwy	2	2720 BC	34	B	Abydos, Umm el-Qa'ab, Tomb V
17	Sanakht	3	2686 BC	19	C	Mastaba K2 at Beit Khallaf
18	Djoser	3	2667 BC	19	B	Saqqara, Step Pyramid
19	Sekhemkhet	3	2648 BC	8	C	Saqqara, Buried Pyramid
20	Khaba	3	2640 BC	3	C	Zawyet el-Aryan, Layer Pyramid
21	Huni	3	2637 BC	24	B	Meidum Pyramid
22	Sneferu	4	2613 BC	24	B	Dahshur, Red Pyramid
23	Khufu	4	2589 BC	23	B	Giza, Great Pyramid
24	Djedefre	4	2566 BC	8	B	Abu Rawash, Pyramid of Djedefre
25	Khafre	4	2558 BC	26	B	Giza, Pyramid of Khafre
26	Bikheris	4	2532 BC	2	D	Zawyet el-Aryan, Northern Pyramid
27	Menkaure	4	2532 BC	29	B	Giza, Pyramid of Menkaure
28	Shepseskaf	4	2503 BC	5	B	Saqqara South, Mastabat al-Fir'aun
29	Userkaf	5	2494 BC	7	B	Saqqara, Pyramid of Userkaf
30	Sahure	5	2487 BC	12	B	Abusir, Pyramid of Sahure
31	Neferirkare Kakai	5	2475 BC	20	B	Abusir, Pyramid of Neferirkare
32	Neferefre	5	2455 BC	2	B	Abusir, Unfinished Pyramid of Neferefre
33	Shepseskare	5	2453 BC	8	B	Abusir, Unfinished Pyramid
34	Nyuserre Ini	5	2445 BC	24	B	Abusir, Pyramid of Nyuserre
35	Menkauhor Kaiu	5	2421 BC	7	B	Saqqara, Headless Pyramid
36	Djedkare Isesi	5	2414 BC	39	B	South Saqqara, Pyramid of Djedkare-Isesi
37	Unas	5	2375 BC	30	B	Saqqara, Pyramid of Unas
38	Teti	6	2345 BC	22	B	Saqqara, Pyramid of Teti
39	Userkare	6	2323 BC	2	B	Unknown
40	Pepi I	6	2321 BC	34	B	South Saqqara, Pyramid of Pepi I
41	Merenre Nemtyemsaf I	6	2287 BC	9	B	South Saqqara, Pyramid of Merenre
42	Pepi II	6	2278 BC	94	B	South Saqqara, Pyramid of Pepi II
43	Merenre Nemtyemsaf II	6	2184 BC	1	B	Unknown
44	Netjerkare Siptah	6	2183 BC	2	B	Unknown
45	Menkare	7-8	2181 BC	1	C	Unknown
46	Neferkare II	7-8	2180 BC	1	C	Unknown
47	Neferkare Neby	7-8	2179 BC	2	C	Unknown
48	Djedkare Shemai	7-8	2177 BC	2	C	Unknown
49	Merenhor	7-8	2175 BC	2	C	Unknown
50	Qakare Ibi	7-8	2173 BC	4	C	Pyramid of Ibi, South Saqqara
51	Neferkauhor	7-8	2169 BC	2	C	Unknown
52	Neferirkare II	7-8	2167 BC	7	C	Unknown
53	Khety I	9	2160 BC	10	C	Unknown
54	Neferkare VII	9	2150 BC	10	D	Unknown
55	Khety II	9	2140 BC	10	D	Unknown
56	Wahkare Khety	10	2070 BC	25	C	Unknown
57	Merikare	10	2045 BC	4	C	Saqqara
58	Khety IV	10	2041 BC	1	D	Unknown
59	Intef I	11	2134 BC	17	B	El-Tarif, Saff el-Dawaba
60	Intef II	11	2117 BC	49	B	El-Tarif, Saff el-Kisasija
61	Intef III	11	2068 BC	8	B	El-Tarif, Saff el-Baqar
62	Mentuhotep II	11	2060 BC	51	B	Deir el-Bahari, Mortuary Temple
63	Mentuhotep III	11	2009 BC	12	B	Deir el-Bahari
64	Mentuhotep IV	11	1997 BC	6	B	Unknown
65	Amenemhat I	12	1991 BC	29	B	Pyramid of Amenemhat I, Lisht
66	Senusret I	12	1971 BC	45	B	Pyramid of Senusret I, Lisht
67	Amenemhat II	12	1929 BC	34	B	White Pyramid, Dahshur
68	Senusret II	12	1897 BC	19	B	Pyramid of Senusret II, El-Lahun
69	Senusret III	12	1878 BC	39	B	Pyramid of Senusret III, Dahshur
70	Amenemhat III	12	1860 BC	46	B	Pyramid of Hawara, Fayum
71	Amenemhat IV	12	1815 BC	9	B	Southern Mazghuna pyramid
72	Sobekneferu	12	1806 BC	4	B	Northern Mazghuna pyramid
73	Sobekhotep I	13	1802 BC	2	C	Abydos tomb S9
74	Amenemhat Sonbef	13	1800 BC	4	C	Unknown
75	Wegaf	13	1794 BC	2	C	Unknown
76	Ameny Qemau	13	1793 BC	2	C	Pyramid of Ameny Qemau, Dahshur
77	Hor	13	1777 BC	2	C	Shaft tomb next to Amenemhat III pyramid, Dahshur
78	Khendjer	13	1764 BC	5	C	Pyramid of Khendjer, Saqqara
79	Sobekhotep II	13	1750 BC	3	C	Unknown
80	Neferhotep I	13	1742 BC	11	C	Abydos tomb S10
81	Sobekhotep IV	13	1730 BC	10	C	Abydos tomb
82	Sobekhotep III	13	1745 BC	4	C	Unknown
83	Merneferre Ay	13	1701 BC	24	C	Unknown
84	Dedumose I	13	1660 BC	10	D	Unknown
85	Yakbim Sekhaenre	14	1805 BC	25	D	Unknown
86	Ya'ammu Nubwoserre	14	1780 BC	10	D	Unknown
87	Nehesy	14	1705 BC	1	C	Unknown
88	Salitis	15	1650 BC	15	C	Unknown
89	Sakir-Har	15	1635 BC	15	D	Unknown
90	Khyan	15	1620 BC	35	C	Unknown
91	Apepi	15	1585 BC	30	B	Unknown
92	Khamudi	15	1555 BC	5	B	Unknown
93	Djehuty	16	1650 BC	3	C	Dra Abu el-Naga
94	Sobekhotep VIII	16	1645 BC	16	C	Unknown
95	Nebiryraw I	16	1629 BC	26	C	Unknown
96	Rahotep	17	1580 BC	4	C	Unknown
97	Intef V	17	1576 BC	3	C	Dra Abu el-Naga
98	Intef VI	17	1573 BC	2	C	Dra Abu el-Naga
99	Intef VII	17	1571 BC	3	C	Dra Abu el-Naga
100	Sobekemsaf II	17	1568 BC	8	C	Dra Abu el-Naga
101	Senakhtenre Ahmose	17	1560 BC	2	C	Dra Abu el-Naga
102	Seqenenre Tao	17	1558 BC	4	B	Deir el-Bahari, DB320
103	Kamose	17	1554 BC	4	B	Dra Abu el-Naga
104	Ahmose I	18	1550 BC	25	B	Dra Abu el-Naga
105	Amenhotep I	18	1525 BC	21	B	Dra Abu el-Naga or Valley of the Kings, KV39
106	Thutmose I	18	1504 BC	12	B	Valley of the Kings, KV20 or KV38
107	Thutmose II	18	1492 BC	13	B	Valley of the Kings, KV42
108	Hatshepsut	18	1479 BC	21	B	Valley of the Kings, KV20
109	Thutmose III	18	1479 BC	54	B	Valley of the Kings, KV34
110	Amenhotep II	18	1427 BC	27	B	Valley of the Kings, KV35
111	Thutmose IV	18	1400 BC	10	B	Valley of the Kings, KV43
112	Amenhotep III	18	1390 BC	38	B	Valley of the Kings, WV22
113	Akhenaten	18	1352 BC	16	B	Royal Tomb of Akhenaten, Amarna (Amarna Tomb 26) / KV55
114	Smenkhkare	18	1336 BC	2	D	Unknown
115	Neferneferuaten	18	1334 BC	2	D	Unknown
116	Tutankhamun	18	1332 BC	9	B	Valley of the Kings, KV62
117	Ay	18	1323 BC	4	B	Valley of the Kings, WV23
118	Horemheb	18	1319 BC	27	B	Valley of the Kings, KV57
119	Ramesses I	19	1292 BC	2	B	Valley of the Kings, KV16
120	Seti I	19	1290 BC	11	B	Valley of the Kings, KV17
121	Ramesses II	19	1279 BC	66	B	Valley of the Kings, KV7
122	Merneptah	19	1213 BC	10	B	Valley of the Kings, KV8
123	Amenmesse	19	1203 BC	3	B	Valley of the Kings, KV10
124	Seti II	19	1203 BC	6	B	Valley of the Kings, KV15
125	Siptah	19	1197 BC	6	B	Valley of the Kings, KV47
126	Twosret	19	1191 BC	2	B	Valley of the Kings, KV14
127	Setnakhte	20	1189 BC	3	B	Valley of the Kings, KV14
128	Ramesses III	20	1186 BC	31	B	Valley of the Kings, KV11
129	Ramesses IV	20	1155 BC	6	B	Valley of the Kings, KV2
130	Ramesses V	20	1149 BC	4	B	Valley of the Kings, KV9
131	Ramesses VI	20	1145 BC	8	B	Valley of the Kings, KV9
132	Ramesses VII	20	1137 BC	7	B	Valley of the Kings, KV1
133	Ramesses VIII	20	1130 BC	1	B	Unknown
134	Ramesses IX	20	1129 BC	18	B	Valley of the Kings, KV6
135	Ramesses X	20	1111 BC	4	B	Valley of the Kings, KV18
136	Ramesses XI	20	1107 BC	30	B	Valley of the Kings, KV4
137	Smendes I	21	1077 BC	26	B	Tanis
138	Amenemnisu	21	1051 BC	4	B	Tanis
139	Psusennes I	21	1047 BC	46	B	Tanis, NRT III
140	Amenemope	21	1001 BC	9	B	Tanis, NRT IV (reburied in NRT III)
141	Osorkon the Elder	21	992 BC	6	B	Tanis
142	Siamun	21	986 BC	19	B	Tanis, NRT III
143	Psusennes II	21	967 BC	24	B	Tanis
144	Shoshenq I	22	943 BC	21	B	Tanis, NRT V
145	Osorkon I	22	922 BC	35	B	Tanis
146	Shoshenq II	22	887 BC	2	B	Tanis, NRT III
147	Takelot I	22	885 BC	13	B	Tanis
148	Osorkon II	22	872 BC	35	B	Tanis, NRT I
149	Shoshenq III	22	837 BC	39	B	Tanis, NRT V
150	Shoshenq IV	22	798 BC	13	B	Tanis
151	Pami	22	785 BC	7	B	Tanis, NRT II
152	Shoshenq V	22	778 BC	38	B	Tanis
153	Osorkon IV	22	740 BC	12	B	Tanis
154	Harsiese A	23	870 BC	10	B	Medinet Habu
155	Takelot II	23	850 BC	25	B	Tanis, NRT I
156	Pedubast I	23	835 BC	25	B	Unknown
157	Iuput I	23	816 BC	12	C	Unknown
158	Shoshenq VI	23	804 BC	6	C	Unknown
159	Osorkon III	23	798 BC	29	B	Unknown
160	Takelot III	23	774 BC	15	B	Unknown
161	Rudamun	23	759 BC	4	B	Unknown
162	Iny	23	755 BC	5	C	Unknown
163	Tefnakht	24	732 BC	7	B	Sais
164	Bakenranef	24	725 BC	5	B	Saqqara
165	Piye	25	744 BC	30	B	El-Kurru, Ku. 17
166	Shabaka	25	714 BC	9	B	El-Kurru, Ku. 15
167	Shebitku	25	705 BC	15	B	El-Kurru, Ku. 18
168	Taharqa	25	690 BC	26	A	Nuri, Nu. 1
169	Tanutamun	25	664 BC	8	A	El-Kurru, Ku. 16
170	Psamtik I	26	664 BC	54	A	Sais
171	Necho II	26	610 BC	15	A	Sais
172	Psamtik II	26	595 BC	6	A	Sais
173	Apries	26	589 BC	19	A	Sais
174	Amasis II	26	570 BC	44	A	Sais
175	Psamtik III	26	526 BC	1	A	Unknown
176	Cambyses II	27	525 BC	3	A	Pasargadae
177	Darius I	27	522 BC	36	A	Naqsh-e Rostam
178	Xerxes I	27	486 BC	21	A	Naqsh-e Rostam
179	Artaxerxes I	27	465 BC	41	A	Naqsh-e Rostam
180	Darius II	27	424 BC	20	A	Naqsh-e Rostam
181	Artaxerxes II	27	404 BC	0	A	Persepolis
182	Amyrtaeus	28	404 BC	6	A	Unknown
183	Nepherites I	29	398 BC	5	A	Mendes
184	Psammuthes	29	393 BC	0	A	Unknown
185	Hakor	29	393 BC	13	A	Unknown
186	Nepherites II	29	380 BC	0	A	Unknown
187	Nectanebo I	30	380 BC	18	A	Unknown
188	Teos	30	362 BC	2	A	Unknown
189	Nectanebo II	30	360 BC	17	A	Serapeum of Saqqara (empty sarcophagus found)
190	Artaxerxes III	31	343 BC	5	A	Persepolis
191	Arses	31	338 BC	2	A	Unknown
192	Darius III	31	336 BC	4	A	Persepolis
193	Alexander the Great	Mac.	332 BC	9	A	Alexandria (Soma)
194	Philip III Arrhidaeus	Mac.	323 BC	6	A	Aegae (Vergina, Tomb II)
195	Alexander IV	Mac.	323 BC	13	A	Aegae (Vergina, Tomb III)
196	Ptolemy I Soter	Ptol.	305 BC	23	A	Alexandria
197	Ptolemy II Philadelphus	Ptol.	284 BC	38	A	Alexandria
198	Arsinoe II	Ptol.	277 BC	7	A	Alexandria
199	Ptolemy III Euergetes	Ptol.	246 BC	24	A	Alexandria
200	Berenice II	Ptol.	246 BC	25	A	Alexandria
201	Ptolemy IV Philopator	Ptol.	222 BC	18	A	Alexandria
202	Arsinoe III	Ptol.	220 BC	16	A	Alexandria
203	Ptolemy V Epiphanes	Ptol.	204 BC	24	A	Alexandria
204	Cleopatra I	Ptol.	180 BC	4	A	Alexandria
205	Ptolemy VI Philometor	Ptol.	180 BC	35	A	Alexandria
206	Cleopatra II	Ptol.	175 BC	59	A	Alexandria
207	Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator	Ptol.	145 BC	0	A	Alexandria
208	Ptolemy VIII Physcon	Ptol.	170 BC	54	A	Alexandria
209	Cleopatra III	Ptol.	142 BC	41	A	Alexandria
210	Ptolemy IX Lathyros	Ptol.	116 BC	35	A	Alexandria
211	Cleopatra IV	Ptol.	116 BC	1	A	Antioch
212	Ptolemy X Alexander I	Ptol.	110 BC	22	A	Alexandria
213	Cleopatra Selene I	Ptol.	115 BC	13	A	Seleucia on the Tigris
214	Berenice III	Ptol.	81 BC	1	A	Alexandria
215	Ptolemy XI Alexander II	Ptol.	80 BC	0	A	Alexandria
216	Ptolemy XII Auletes	Ptol.	80 BC	29	A	Alexandria
217	Cleopatra V	Ptol.	79 BC	22	A	Alexandria
218	Cleopatra VI	Ptol.	58 BC	1	A	Alexandria
219	Berenice IV	Ptol.	58 BC	3	A	Alexandria
220	Cleopatra VII	Ptol.	51 BC	21	A	Alexandria (or Taposiris Magna)
221	Ptolemy XIII	Ptol.	51 BC	4	A	Nile River (drowned)
222	Ptolemy XIV	Ptol.	47 BC	3	A	Alexandria
223	Caesarion (Ptolemy XV)	Ptol.	44 BC	14	A	Alexandria
224	Ptolemy XVI Philadelphus	Ptol.	36 BC	6	A	Rome

Ramesses IIPl. 121

Reign: 1279 BC to 1213 BC, 66 years
Dynasty: Dynasty 19
Dating: within about a decade
Capital: Pi-Ramesses
Buried: Valley of the Kings, KV7

One of the most prolific builders and celebrated military leaders in Egyptian history, this pharaoh ruled for over six decades and left monumental temples across the land.

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Reading the chart

Each row is a dynasty and each bar a reign. A red bracket under a selected bar shows how far the start of the reign could move, because dates in Egyptian history are conventional and approximate. The chronology guide explains why.

The periods

3100 BCEarly Dynastic Period. The first two dynasties: kingship is unified, writing develops and kings are buried at Abydos. Dynasties
2686 BCOld Kingdom. The age of the pyramids, from Djoser's Step Pyramid to the end of Pepi II's long reign. Dynasties
2181 BCFirst Intermediate Period. Central authority fragments; rival lines rule from Herakleopolis and Thebes. Dynasties
2040 BCMiddle Kingdom. Reunification under Thebes, then the Twelfth Dynasty at Itjtawy; classical literature and strong frontiers. Dynasties
1802 BCSecond Intermediate Period. Egypt splits again, with Hyksos rulers in the north and Theban kings in the south. Dynasties
1550 BCNew Kingdom. Empire and wealth: Thebes and the Valley of the Kings, Akhenaten, Tutankhamun and the Ramessides. Dynasties
1077 BCThird Intermediate Period. Divided rule by Tanis, Libyan and Kushite kings. Dynasties
664 BCLate Period. Saite revival, two periods of Persian rule and the last native dynasties. Dynasties
332 BCMacedonian and Ptolemaic Period. Greek-speaking kings rule from Alexandria until Cleopatra VII and the Roman conquest. Dynasties

See also all 224 pharaohs as a list and the pharaohs in order.